Evolution of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW)

Evolution of substratum Integrated wave guide (SIW)EVOLUTION OF SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE STRUCTURES AN OVERVIEW, and Abstract Substrate coordinated wave guide(SIW) is the well-nigh captivating engine room for easy integration onto planar substrates for millimeter wave components and systems for the next decade. This guide is synthesized on the substrate with arrays of golden posts retaining the first base loss advantage of conventional angulate waveguides. In this paper, various evolving structures of SIW which had been implemented for various practical applications like filters, couplers, antennas etc are reviewed and some ongoing sheds based on this technology are also presented.Index Terms Filters, couplers, substrate compound waveguide (SIW)INTRODUCTIONMetallic waveguides are preferred over traditional contagious disease by-lines like coaxial cables wherein high losses are accounted, namely, copper losses and dielectric losses 1. Metallic waveguides inherit the advantage of high power intervention capability and high Q-factor 2. In spite of its aforementioned advantages, it is non yet a very promising technology because of its bulky and non planar nature 3. schedule like planar printed transmission lines are next to metallic waveguides apply in microwave coordinated circuits (MICs). These were planar in nature but not adapted at smaller frequencies due to its transmission losses 4. To bridge the gap, SIW is introduced, a very promising waveguide structure which maintains the advantages of a angular waveguide, such(prenominal) as high Q-factor and high power intervention capability in planar form 5-7. Basically in SIW, two parallel metallic layers of substrate are connected via metallic posts introducing structure analogous to common metallic waveguides. Generically, the substrate merged waveguides (SIW) are known as substrate combine circuits (SICs) 8. SIW is the most popular topology among others family members of SICs beca use the design techniques of rectangular waveguide can be applied directly to this topology. The SIW technology has been implemented with millimeter and microwave components as it is suitable for high frequency range because of its accounted leakage losses at low frequency. They can be directly connected to planar circuits, namely, micro strip line and coplanar waveguides (CPW), allowing for easy integration of active circuits thus making it suitable for mass production .In this paper, evolutions of SIW structures are studied and different application of SIW technology are presented, and some ongoing projects are discussed later.EVOLUTION OF SIW STRUCTUREAt millimeter wave frequency, electromagnetic coupling between building blocks of antenna makes intention a very critical issue. To provide great deal of flexibility for designing of components, concept of SICs is introduced. SIW, which are synthesized on planar substrate in which metallic posts are perforated in the embedded subst rate using printed circuit board technology shown in fig.1. 9Fig.1. Substrate Integrated waveguideThe steady and unbroken rise of wireless user has fuelled an increase in wireless applications. For the fulfillment of increasing day to day needs of communication, various evolving structures of SIW are proposed. Substrate merged slab waveguide (SISW), a new conformation in the SIW toolkit is hereby introduced 10. The structure offers an increase in bandwidth by adding air holes into an SIW mainly for broadband microwave applications. Compared to rectangular waveguides, a size reduction of is achieved with SIW. Unfortunately, SIW are still large (compared to their micro strip counterparts) for various practical applications and hence substrate unified folded waveguide (SIFW) is proposed 11. In SIFW size reduction of (9) is achieved by using dual layer substrate but its losses are increased. Also there are half sensory system substrate integrated waveguides (HMSIW) 12 which incre ases the bandwidth and can also have a reduced size while maintaining the advantages of SIW. Recently after HMSIW, folded half wave substrate integrated waveguide (FHMSIW) is proposed but there are complexity issues which needs to be solved 13.For effective utilization of waveguide enchant, hybrid SIW is proposed in which waveguide channel usage is maximized by routing a strip line inside the substrate 14. Novel class of bandwidth enhancing structures are proposed, namely ridged substrate integrated waveguide (RSIW) 15 shown in Fig.3 and ridged substrate integrated slab waveguide (RSISW) 16.In former structure, side walls of top and bottom metal layers are connected by full flush metallic posts and central row of partial heighted metallic posts are connected at their bottom by a metal strip. The latter structure is having the similar geometry of RSIW but additional air holes are included to further increase the bandwidth. Also there are unpopular structures like honeycomb substrat e integrated waveguide (HCSIW) and folded corrugated substrate integrated waveguide (FCSIW). HCSIW creates partially low dielectric region by drilling air filled posts vertically 17 and FCSIW is used for back lobe suppression 18. For two different modes of propagation, switchable substrate integrated waveguide (SSIW) (via the biasing of pin diode switch) is introduced 19. Another variant of HMSIW is rotated HMSIW, to improve the manufacturing tolerances by enable direct interaction with wave energy at central point which is not feasible for the structures discussed earlier20. Recently, Butterfly substrate integrated waveguide another variant has been added to the SIW toolkit for better gain and low side lobe levels. 21. Latest variant added to the SIW toolkit is exculpate SIW (ESIW). This structure eliminates the disadvantages of dielectric substrate by replacing it by novel empty substrate (air filled) while maintaining the advantage of complete integration in planar substrate 22. Outlines of important configurations of SIW are shown in fig.2. 11, fig.3.15 and fig.421.Fig.2. SIW Main VariantsFig.3.RSIW StructureFig.4.Butterfly substrate integrated waveguideFUTURE TRENDS IN SIWSIW, a very promising technology has been implemented for many practical applications like SIW based sceneshifters, oscillators, resonators, filters, power dividers, diplexers, mixer, antennas and many more(prenominal) 23-30. Currently there were many ongoing projects in progress based on SIW technology. A very few have been mentioned here in this paper. cost-efficient synthesis and design of reconfigurable micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) based band pass filter (BPF) in SIW technology 31 is one of the ongoing projects. This project is focused on the development of novel microwave and millimeter wave fully reconfigurable BPF on SIW so that advantages of miniaturization, easy integration onto planar substrates, low losses, high power handling can be achieved. This project tries to combine the advantages of novel comb line SIW resonators with the enhanced characteristics of MEMS varactors to tune the response of coupled resonator filters. These filters are key components of appear RF front ends for future telecommunication systems. SOSRAD-77GHz SIW system on substrates (SOS) radar front end is the other ongoing project based on SIW 32. The count on of the project is to establish SIW technology as the leading high performance platform to encompass all available technologies within a common substrate at mm-wave frequencies. Some of the completed projects on SIW technology are stated integrated focusing systems in SIW technology full wave modeling and optimization 33 and Design and development of SIW based RF circuits and components using metamaterials in ku-band application 34.REFERENCES1 Dominic Deslandes, Design considerations for tapered micro strip to substrate integrated waveguide transitions, IEEE Trans. microwave Theory Tech., vol. 46, no.5, pp.625 -630, May 1998.2 N. Ranjkesh and M. Shahabadi, LOSS MECHANISMS IN SIW AND MSIW, Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 4, 299309, 2008.3 Li Yan, Wei Hong Guang Hua, Jixin Chen, Ke Wu and Tie Jun Cui, Simulation and Experiments on SIW Slot array antennas, IEEE atom-bomb and wireless components letters, vol. 14, no. 9, September 2004.4Futoshi Kuroki and Ryo-ji Tamarulow, grim-loss and Low-cost solution for printed Transmission Lines at Millimeter-wavelengths by using Bilaterally Metal-loaded Tri-plate, Microwave Symposium Digest, 2009. 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Conf., Beijing, China, Aug. 812, 2005, pp.P-14P-1731 Efficient synthesis and designs of reconfigurable microelectromechanical systems based band pass filter in substrate integrated waveguide technology , cordis .europa . eu / project / rcn / 704581_en.html.32 SOSRAD-77 GHz substrate integrated waveguide(SIW) system on substrate (SOS) radar front-end, http//www.cttc.es/project/77-ghz-substrate-integrated-waveguide-siw system on substrate-sos-radar-front-end/. 33 Integrated focusing systems in substrate integrated waveguide technology full wave modeling and optimization, http//www.esf-newfocus.org/achievements_projects.html.34 Design and development of SIW based RF circuits and components using metamaterials in ku-band application, www.becs.ac.in/project-etc-submenu.